Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) that specifically binds monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and potentiates their natural killer activity against tumors and pathogens.

5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that when incorporated into single-stranded DNA can act in cis to signal de novo.

γ-Glu-Phe (γ-Glutamylphenylalanine) is a γ-3 glutamyl dipeptide found in sourdough.it is synthesized by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (GBA) and Aspergillus oryzae (GAO). γ-Glu-Phe or the post-enzymatic reaction mixture enhances the umami intensity of commercial soy sauce and model chicken broth.